'Comics_Age_TREND - Visual narrative comprehension in older populations'
(AsPredicted #85,203)
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1) Have any data been collected for this study already?
No, no data have been collected for this study yet.

2) What's the main question being asked or hypothesis being tested in this study?
This study looks into the influence of age and education and of different narrative codalities (textual, pictorial) on narrative comprehension in an older sample (i.e., > 60 years). It will investigate bridging inference generation i.e., inferences generated to bridge gaps in the narration during the viewing of pictorial and textual narratives.

We expect…
a) narrative comprehension to increase with higher education.
b) narrative comprehension to decrease with higher age.
c) narrative comprehension to be higher for pictorial than for textual narratives independent of education or age (no interaction of education and age effects with story codality).

3) Describe the key dependent variable(s) specifying how they will be measured.
- Narrative Comprehension: measured as the correct identification of true (describing the correct inference for the missing bridging event) and false (describing a wrong inference for the missing bridging event) inference statements (incorrect answer = 0, correct answer =1).

- Secondary measure confidence corrected narrative comprehension: includes a metacognitive measure assessed through the confidence rating for the answer to the inference identification. Confidence ("Wie sicher sind Sie sich bei Ihrer Antwort?) is given on a 6 point-scale (sehr unsicher, unsicher, eher unsicher, eher sicher, sicher, sehr sicher). Answers will be scored from 1 to 12 points. For incorrect answers (1-6 points): Highly confident incorrect answers receive 1 point, highly unconfident incorrect answers receive 6; For correct answers (7-12 points): highly unconfident correct answers receive 7 points, highly confident correct answers receive 12.

4) How many and which conditions will participants be assigned to?
The study has a 3 education (with low, middle, high) x age (continuous) x 2 codality (text, picture) design. The codality variable will be manipulated within subjects. Education and age (between-subjects) will be assessed during the experiment and education will be grouped into different levels.

The classification of education into low, middle, and high will be based on a question asking for school education.
• Low education will include: „Noch Schüler", „Schule beendet ohne Abschluss", „Haupt-/Volksschulabschluss, Abschluss Polytechnische Oberschule 8. Klasse"
• Middle education will include: „Realschulabschluss (Mittlere Reife), Abschluss Polytechnische Oberschule 10. Klasse"
• High education will include: „Fachhochschulreife (Abschluss nach 12. bzw. 11. Klasse, wenn kein Abitur), Abschluss an Berufsschulen, Fachkollegs, Fachabitur", „Abitur, Abschluss erweiterte Oberschule, Hochschulreife"

5) Specify exactly which analyses you will conduct to examine the main question/hypothesis.
Narrative comprehension will be analyzed with generalized linear mixed-effects models (glmer) through two step-wise model comparisons for the effects of education and age. Each glmer will include random intercepts for participant and story-clip. For the effects of education, model comparison begins with an intercept model predicting narrative comprehension and step by step the predictors for education, codality, and the interaction of education and codality will be added. Analogous model comparisons will be made for the effects of age (the continuous age variable will be centralized for analysis). We will control for mental disorders (for example depression).

6) Describe exactly how outliers will be defined and handled, and your precise rule(s) for excluding observations.
Participants indicating that they could not read most of the stories in the allotted time or that they could not see them clearly will be excluded from the sample.
For data cleanup, all participants with a completion time below 3 and above 60 minutes will be excluded from the sample.
Participants younger than 60 years will be excluded.

7) How many observations will be collected or what will determine sample size?
No need to justify decision, but be precise about exactly how the number will be determined.
Participants will be recruited through a collaboration with the TREND longitudinal study. All TREND participants that indicated readiness to participate in online studies will get an invitation letter and all complete datasets collected until the 28.02.2022 will comprise the sample.

8) Anything else you would like to pre-register?
(e.g., secondary analyses, variables collected for exploratory purposes, unusual analyses planned?)
Variables from the longitudinal TREND study will be included in further exploratory analyses.

An explorative analysis will look into interactions between education, age, and codality.
A secondary analysis will be conducted for the confidence corrected narrative comprehension measure (following the procedure described for narrative comprehension).
We will conduct another secondary analysis with a different education classification including professional education levels: education will include 3 levels (low, middle, high) comprised of combinations of school education and professional education.
We also assess participants' experience with pictorial and textual narrations and self-reported reading ability. Exploratory analyses will include these variables into the analyses for (confidence corrected) narrative comprehension.

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